· એડોલ્ફ હીટલર–( ૧૮૮૯– ૧૯૪૫).
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(1) The Duce's March on Rome h earlier, Nazi party was still in its infancy with less than 10000 members. It had been galvanised by the March on Rome. It hailed Hitler as Germany's M. M=Duce H= Fuhrer the German word for the leader.
(2) H wanted to become artist –applied in Academy of Fine arts in Vienna- but twice rejected.. He enjoyed Bohemian life style.. voracious reader & pursuing his passion for Opera & architecture… H took part in1st w w. injured also.. He thrived, discovering that he had talent; what I had always assumed to be true without knowing it now happened; I could speak…Oratorical skilled—People flocked to listen H.
(3) Nazi party renamed & formed in1920. H considered himself the saviour of Germny..Next great man of G.--- capturing power of the party- then H immediately created paramilitary organisation within the party known as S. A. to control dissenting voices against H. The S A also roamed the streets of Munich, beating up their enemies & disrupting events organised by the political opposition. Nazi party means Fuhrer's party—H was meticulous choreographer-H unmoved by the suggestion to have a full moustache or clean shave—but H preferred his own style—sooner became style copied by many. I am setting a fashion.….p..35.
(4) 20-04-1923 H turned 34 years- cult of leader was launched.. " I must enter Berlin like a Christ in the temple of Jerusalem & scourge money lenders. The Beer Hall putsch had failed. H was arrested. Sentenced for 13 months..wrote his political biography " Mein Kampf".in 1925. It became best seller in 1933.
(5) H programme in M K—Abolish corrupt parliamentary system— Abrogate Versailles Treaty. Destroy communism..lay Jewis people—punish France – invade soviet Union.. build a greater Germany—M K contained of H legend—A genius child.. a voracious reader.. a born orator..an unrecognised artist driven by destiny to change the fate of Germany.. a man chosen by heaven as a messenger of its will..
(6) H firend photographer Heinrich Hoffmann'.. published 3 photo books of H.
" Germany's Awakening in Word & Image." H said I will start again from the beginning.. New office name Brown House.. Photo of Martyrs to the movement. His rhetorical skills were intact, but his message no longer held the same appeal. The movement was in the doldrums.
(7) Role of Joseph Goebbels in making H. Faith in Fuhrer. Heil Hitler greeting became compulsory, symbol of a personal connection with the leader. H was an astute judge of character. He could size up a person at first glance..sorting out those who had boundless trust and quasi- religious faith. From those who retained a critical distance. The former were pitted against each other. The latter discarded as soon as they were no longer of use.
(8) M K was mocked by enemies but treated like the Bible by followers. " A camel can pass through the eye of a needle sooner than a great man can be discovered by an election.
(9) Goebbels spoke—" The great leader cannot be elected. He is there when he must be there. A great leader was not chosen by the masses. But a leader liberated the masses. Character traits of leader- willpower, ability and luck.
(10) Opportunity created for H because of Great Depression---Unemployment went to six millions in 1932. Now H was the man of the hour. Rallies organised, meetings held, posters & flyers distributed, Swastikas painted on sidewalks…p 40.
(11) H capacity for work is extraordinary.. He had no vices.. H is a teetotaller ( માદક અને કેફીપદાર્થો થી દુર રહેનારો.. a non smoker..& a vegetarian.. H boasting library of 6000 books which he had read.. 100 of photographs of H. chatting, hiking, H like.. H as baby, artist, at home, work, at leisure, reading. H by nature a good man. Other good traits missing by H added by Goebbels. Got 37.3 votes in 1932 election. H became Chancellor of Germany by a backstage manipulation..
(12) Within weeks after H becoming Chancellor—Parliamentary building named ' Reichstag' was set on fire. Communists were made responsible for it & punished them brutally. Proved hands of H. Terror & propaganda now advanced in hand in hand. Hundreds of thousands brownshirts hunted down their opponents.. Trade union banned..All other political parties disbanded. Violence did not target just political opponents or social outcasts but was directed at all opponents of Nazis. An estimated 1,00,000 people were detained without trials in 1933 alone. Hundreds died in custody. H sent a message to the people of Germany making a fear aroutine part of everyday life.
(13) Municipality renaming streets, squares, avenues, schools, stadiums bridge in the name of H. that is seen in the smallest village of Germany..
(14) By 1934 the brown shirts who had done dirty works, became increasingly vocal & demanded to be incorporated into the regular army. But conservative generals viewed them as thugs. Hitler had no wish to antagonize the military establishments. He also feared that Ernst Rohm chief of the staff of the SA, had become too powerful. On 30 June, in the night of long Kinves, he ordered his elite guards to purge the SA. Rohm was arrested & shot, along with dozens of other leaders, while thousands more were thrown into prison. Army chief congratulated Hitler. Goebbels tightly controlled the news paper. So this news did not appear in any news paper. But the purge in party demonstrated that conflicting forces were at work inside the Nazi movement. H only one who could hold together very diverse & sometimes antagonistic internal party factions.
(15) Goebbels said- The longer one knows him the more one admires him. & so more is one ready to give oneself fully to his cause. H birthday now celebrated as the national holiday .
(16) Every aspect of daily life, fell under the control of the one-party state. The party replaced completely every organization from the education system down to local sport clubs. All adopted a uniform Nazi outlook. Goebbels oversaw the press, with every newspaper spreading the same message, always dominated by fulsome praise of H.
(17) Every tram, every window, in every train wagon, every car window, H looks every window. Flags, portraits, swastika flags distributed.. 90% electorate approved merger via plebiscite. 1/3 said yes out of fear,1/3 out of intoxication,. The party is H, & H is Germany just as Germany is H…P.45. H became all important. H wrote in MK that when people adored a genius they released their inner strength. Only Jews opposed H propaganda. All people og Germany adored one man.
(18) His word was everywhere.. important speeches .. published.. distributed in millions- pamphlets published from party weekly news bulletin.. H book Mein Kamph- wholly book for members of Nazi party. In 1933- millions copies sold of M K. 1937 40 lakhs copies sold.. " A book conquered a nation.. gift of choice for new- wed & free copies bistributed to soldiers… selected quotations in small booklet forms also published…. Cheap radio sets sold below production costs… G exploitated new technology for H propaganda..film news reel cinema..4 lacs copies sold of a book H nobody knows…
(19) Children indoctrinated into the cult of a leader from the very first day of school.. H salute introduced in 1933… slogans love the leader. Obey party.. Recite poems of H than those of Goethe… School Prayer.. ' Dear God, I beg u, Let me become a pious child.. Protect H everday.. That no accident be fall on H. U sent him in our distress.. O God protect him… young & old all r told H is always right… Great architect of H cult… was H himself…lead actor, stage manager, orator, & publicist.. all rolled into one.. a great statesman player on the world stage…
(20) A temple of democracy was turn down & a new reception was erected.. ceiling covered with Swastika Mosaics.. bronze lamps on wall.. a new chancellery building built.. blank cheque given to Engineer.. office in 400 sq-mts. H feed on deer on terrace..playing with his dog, greeting children..Thousands of tourists arrived to have a glimpse of H.. gradually everything banned after 1936 gradully..H was a master of disguise hiding his personality behind a carefully constructed image of a modest, kind & simple man..
(21) Preparing for war… guide line according to M K but following his intuition than intellect.. sezing opportunities.. (a) withdrawing from League of Nations..(b) violate treaty of Versailles.. In March 1935.. Armed forces expanding six times.. made promises of peace to foreign dignitaries & internally preparing for war..H played a gamble , invaded some forbidden part of France without any oppose.. H believe in his infallibility…
(22) A wave of terror had already thinned .. people were sent to prison for slightest infraction.. પેપરમાં આવેલા સમાચાર નું સત્ય તપાસો તો પાંચ માસ ની સજા.. રાજ્ય સત્તાની સક્ષમતા માટે ખાનગીમાં પણ શંકા વ્યક્ત કરો તો એક વર્ષની સજા. પાનું ૫૩. Germany is silent, nervous, suppressed..no public opinion, no opposition.. no discussion on anything..Propaganda comined with terror convinced others to vote yes.. Shopkeepers who refuse to display posters threatened a day in concentration camp..
(23) In 1940.. Rationing of foods introduced.. saw long queues in Berlin for getting daily necessities.. shortages of meat, butter, fruit, fats etc.. People became conscious of H spending on his advertisement costs.. show piece of Parade & Rallies at what costs..People lost faith in magic power of H.. The cult provided protection against disillusionment with the system but not with the leader…. H sleepwalker guide by the hand of destiny..
(24) Ausria seized by military might of H & made a province of Large Germany..betrayed P M of U K namely Chamberlin..
(25) 20- April 50th birthday advanced plan of celebration by Goebbels. Pomps, special issue in daily newpapers..Heaps of Birthday gifts..plus tanks, artiliary, armoured cars, 10000 soldiers,162 war planes flying..H demanded the biggest of everything to glorify his work, and magnify his prides.. Cheering crowds were entirely stage managed.. made extravagance expenditure made.. Even churches were informed by the ministry of propaganda on how to ring their bells on the great day..
(26) Germany invaded western Poland on 1st Sept & soviet union on eastern Poland.. Same day Britain & France declared war against Germany.. German people response on war—no excitements, no hurrahs, no cheering, no throwing of flowers, no war fever, no war hysteria,.. There was no any hate for the French and British.. Income tax up by 50% to support war efforts..scarcity of all essential goods on large scale for common German people… H realized that H could not break the economic- cum – military blockade of France & Britain.. ફ્રાંસ પરની જીતે હીટલરને વધારે ગુમાની બનાવી દીધો, વોર હીરો બની ગયો.. Againthe hands of Providence had guided the victory of H. Invasion on Soviet Union betrayl to friend. Send 30 lacks army men in Russia… H was badly defeated in S Union….
(27) H disappeared from the view.. dull performance on Radio..p..62.. brain tumour attack. Unable to move his hand..Many find that invasion on Stalingard was the turning point that Germany was losing war
(28) The moment Poland invaded killing of Jews began.. Extermination of Jews camp began.. trains were brought from all parts of Europe.- Gas chambers created..large scale killing of Jews in Gas Chambers began..20thjuly 1944 bid attempt to kill H but failed..Ordinary people began taking down Swastikas from public buildings, angry at the filure of the leadership to surrender.. many removed H pictures from their Living Rooms.. People say we have cremated H.
(29) 20th April 1945 56th B. Day of H. First enemy cell fell on Berlin. Heavy Bombardment on Berlin by Allied forces jointly.. old & trusted associates began deserting sinking ship.. H shot himself on 30th April 1945. Committed Suicide. His body, together with that of Eva Braun his long term mistress whom he married just yesterday. Their bodies were dragged out of the bunker, doused in petrol & set alight.. ગોબેલ્સથી માંડીને તમામ વીશ્વાસપાત્ર સાથીદારોએ પોતાના કુટુંબના તમામ સભ્યો સાથે આપઘાત કર્યા હતા. H death prompted no spontaneous displays of public grief., no outpouring of sorrow by distraught belivers. Strange one woman reported no body cried, even no body looked sad.. Monumental yawning indifference H was gone overnight… almost as good as forgotten.
(30) All resistance collapsed the moment Hitler died. People produced Communist Flags to welcome Russina Army chanting Hail Stalin.
(31)
